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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Semi-Meissner state ： ウィキペディア英語版 Type-1.5 superconductor Type-1.5 superconductors are multicomponent superconductors characterized by two or more coherence lengths, at least one of which is shorter than the magnetic field penetration length $\backslash lambda$, and at least one of which is longer. This is in contrast to singe-component superconductors, where there is only one coherence length $\backslash xi$ and the superconductor is necessarily either type 1 ($\backslash xi\; >\; \backslash lambda$) or type 2 () (a coherence length is defined with extra $2^$ factor, with such a definition the corresponding inequalities are $\backslash xi\; >\backslash sqrt\; \backslash lambda$ and ). When placed in magnetic field, type-1.5 superconductors should form quantum vortices: magnetic-flux-carrying excitations. They allow magnetic field to pass through superconductor due to a vortex-like circulation of superconducting particles (electronic pairs). In type-1.5 superconductors these vortices have long-range attractive, short-range repulsive interaction. As a consequence type-1.5 superconductor in magnetic field can form a phase separation into domains domains with expelled magnetic field and clusters of quantum vortices which are bound together by attractive intervortex forces. The domains of Meissner state retain the two-component superconductivity, while in the vortex clusters one of the superconducting components is suppressed. Thus such materials should allow coexistence of various properties of type-I and type-II superconductors. Animation from numerical calculations of vortex cluster formation are available at "" ==Detailed explanation== Type-I superconductors completely expel external magnetic fields if the strength of the applied field is sufficiently low. Also the supercurrent can flow only on the surface of such a superconductor but not in its interior. This state is called the Meissner state. However at elevated magnetic field, when the magnetic field energy becomes comparable with the superconducting condensation energy, the superconductivity is destroyed by the formation of macroscopically large inclusions of non-superconducting phase. Type-II superconductors, besides the Meissner state, possess another state: a sufficiently strong applied magnetic field can produce currents in the interior of superconductor due to formation of quantum vortices. The vortices also carry magnetic flux through the interior of the superconductor. These quantum vortices repel each other and thus tend to form uniform vortex lattices or liquids.〔Alexei A. Abrikosov (Type II superconductors and the vortex lattice ), Nobel Lecture, December 8, 2003〕 Formally, vortex solutions exist also in models of type-I superconductivity, but the interaction between vortices is purely attractive, so a system of many vortices is unstable against a collapse onto a state of a single giant normal domain with supercurrent flowing on its surface. More importantly, the vortices in type-I superconductor are energetically unfavorable. To produce them would require the application of a magnetic field stronger than what a superconducting condensate can sustain. Thus a type-I superconductor goes to non-superconducting states rather than forming vortices. In the usual Ginzburg–Landau theory, only the quantum vortices with purely repulsive interaction are energetically cheap enough to be induced by applied magnetic field. It was proposed that the type-I/type-II dichotomy could be broken in a multi-component superconductors, which possess multiple coherence lengths. Examples of multi-component superconductivity are multi-band superconductors magnesium diboride and oxypnictides oxypnictide and exotic superconductors with nontrivial Cooper-pairing. There, one can distinguish two or more superconducting components associated, for example with electrons belong to different bands band structure. A different example of two component systems is the projected superconducting states of liquid metallic hydrogen or deuterium where mixtures of superconducting electrons and superconducting protons or deuterons were theoretically predicted. It was also pointed out that systems which have phase transitions between different superconducting states such as between $s$ and $s+is$ or between $U(1)$ and $U(1)\backslash times\; U(1)$ should rather generically fall into type-1.5 state near that transition due to divergence of one of the coherence lengths. \lambda> \xi|| Two characteristic length scales of condensate density variation $\backslash xi\_1$, $\backslash xi\_2$. Characteristic magnetic field variation length scale is smaller than one of the characteristic length scales of density variation and larger than another characteristic length scale of density variation |- ! Intervortex interaction | Attractive || Repulsive || Attractive at long range and repulsive at short range |- ! Phases in magnetic field of a clean bulk superconductor | (1) Meissner state at low fields; (2) Macroscopically large normal domains at larger fields. First-order phase transition between the states (1) and (2) || (1) Meissner state at low fields, (2) vortex lattices/liquids at larger fields. || (1) Meissner state at low fields (2) "Semi-Meissner state": vortex clusters coexisting with Meissner domains at intermediate fields (3) Vortex lattices/liquids at larger fields. |- ! Phase transitions |First-order phase transition between the states (1) and (2) || Second-order phase transition between the states (1) and (2) and second-order phase transition between from the state (2) to normal state || First-order phase transition between the states (1) and (2) and second-order phase transition between from the state (2) to normal state. |- ! Energy of Superconducting/normal boundary | Positive || Negative || Negative energy of superconductor/normal interface inside a vortex cluster, positive energy at the boundary of vortex cluster |- ! Weakest magnetic field required to form a vortex | Larger than thermodynamical critical magnetic field || Smaller than thermodynamical critical magnetic field || In some cases larger than critical magnetic field for single vortex but smaller than critical magnetic field for a vortex cluster |- ! Energy E(N) of N-quanta axially symmetric vortex solutions | E(N)/N < E(N–1)/(N–1) for all N, i.e. N-quanta vortex does not decay in 1-quanta vortices || E(N)/N > E(N–1)/(N–1) for all N, i.e. N-quanta vortex decays in 1-quanta vortices || There is a characteristic number of flux quanta Nc such that E(N)/N < E(N–1)/(N–1) for Nc and E(N)/N > E(N–1)/(N–1) for N>Nc, N-quanta vortex decays into vortex cluster |} 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Type-1.5 superconductor」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.